While our knowledge about the Antarctic is incomplete, it is clear that terra Antarctica is already responding to climate change. This conclusion can be drawn from a careful consideration of scientific information available to date. These data suggest:

* Significant warming over many regions of the continent which correspond closely with a global temperature increase due to the human-induced enhanced greenhouse effect,

* Dramatic changes in the ice shelves in West Antarctica, including collapse and rapid disintegration of large ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula.

* Drastic changes in the Antarctic environment as a response to warmer temperature.

It is true that the uncertainties about the future of a warmer Antarctic are tremendous. But it is also true that the warming, caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions is projected to be rapid compared with the timescale of most natural climate changes. Indeed, greenhouse gas concentrations now are already some 25 per cent higher than at any other time during the past 240,000 years!

It is also clear that the climate on our planet has changed abruptly during the past. However, until we can fully understand what caused such rapid changes, uncertainties do not provide any excuse for delaying the action. It should be recognised that global change cannot be stopped once it is triggered and that effects such as sea level rise, changes in ocean circulation and the collapse of ice sheets are irreversible.

Antarctica and the surrounding circumpolar ocean will both respond to and affect the global response to greenhouse warming. The possible impacts and implications of Antarctica's response are dangerous indeed, and include :

* Unprecedented impacts for the biology of the entire world ocean

Potential impacts of the changes in the Southern Ocean circulation, which is likely to accompany global climate change may be also devastating for marine biota around the world, since a huge source of nutrients for marine biota of the rest the globe may be lost.

* Loss of the unique Antarctic environment, one of the last large wilderness areas remaining on the planet.

According to Ron Lewis Smith, well-known Antarctic biologist from the British Antarctic Survey, "the predicted trend in global warming implies disturbing consequences for the future integrity of Antarctica's, or indeed, the world's environment and biota" (Lewis Smith 1990).

* A potentially significant addition to global sea level rise.

The missing water in sea level rise equations in It may well be come from the unnoticed melting of the Antarctic and Greenland glaciers.

* Potential collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

This would raise sea level by several metres. Several models indicate that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is unstable and new measurements of the Pine Island Glacier and ice losses from the surrounding ice shelves indicate that this ice sheet could already be losing mass.

While the risk of such a collapse within the next century is low, the consequences would be catastrophic, and felt for many centuries to come.

* Possible amplification of the greenhouse effect

A warmer southern ocean, and a slower ocean circulation in general, or a reduction in the organic productivity of the ocean, would reduce the effectiveness of the oceanic sink for CO., thereby raising atmospheric CO. levels higher than they would otherwise have been.

While it is clear that there are substantial uncertainties in exactly what will happen over the coming decades in Antarctica, it is also clear that changes are already underway, and that these changes potentially have major implications for both the seventh continent and the rest of the world. Antarctica is providing us with a warning of global climatic change. We ignore this warning at our peril.

'40-mile crack in Antarctic Ice Shelf', Guardian, 23 March 1995.

'Antarctic research: Exploring the still unexplored', Nature, 28 March 1991, 350: 287-308.

'Polar lakes watered down by snow', New Scientist, 30 Nov. 1996: 7.

Alley, RB and DR MacAyeal, 1994, 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse: chimera or clear danger', Ant. J. of the United States, 28(5): 56-60.

Allison, I, 1992, 'The Antarctic cryosphere: Evidence of the impacts of change and strategies for detection', in Impact of Climate Change on Antarctica, Australia, AGPS, Canberra: 62-67.

ASAC, 1991, Antarctic research priorities for the 1990s: A review, Report of Antarctic Science Advisory Committee (ASAC), September 1991, Dept. Of Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories, Canberra, Australia.

ASAC, 1992, Antarctic Science: The Way Forward, Report of the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee (ASAC), June 1992, Australia.

Aristarian, AJ, J Jouzel and M Pourchet, 1986, ' Past Antarctic Peninsula climate (1850-1980) deduced from an ice isotope record', Climatic Change, 8(1): 68-89.

Bagriantsev, NV, AL Gordon and BA Huber, 1989, 'Weddell Gyre: temperature maximum stratum', J. Gaffes. Res., 94(C.): 8331-8334.

Barrett, P, CJ Adams, WC Macintosh, CC Swisher III and GS Wilson, 1992 'Geochronological evidence supporting Antarctic deglaciation three million years ago', Nature, 29 October, 359: 816-818.

Bengston, JL, LM Ferm, TJ Harconen and BS Stewart, 1993, 'Abundance of Antarctic fur seals in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during the 1986/87 austral summer', in Antarctic Ecosystems - Ecological Change and Conservation, KR Kerry and G Hempel (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 265-271.

Bentley, CR and MB Giovinetto, 1991, 'Mass balance of Antarctica and sea level change', in Proceedings of International Conference on the Role of Polar Regions in Global Change, Univ. Of Alaska, June 11-15, 1990, G Weller et al. (eds): 481-488.

Bentley, CR and MB Giovinietto, 1992, 'Mass balance of Antarctica and sea level change, Eos transactions', Amer. Gaffes. Union, 73(43): 203.

Blanchon, P and J Shaw, 1995, 'Reef growing during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse', Geology, 23(1): 4-8.

Boyd, IL and JP Roberts, 1993, 'Tooth growth in male antarctic fur seals from South Georgia: an indicator of long-term growth history', J. Zoology, 229(2): 177-190.

Bromwich, D, 1988, 'Snowfall in high southern latitudes', Rev. Geophysics, 26: 149-168.

Bromwich, D, 1995, 'Ice sheets and sea-level', Nature, 5 January, 373: 18-19.

Bryazgin, NN, 1986, in Climate of Antarctica (Russ. Trans.), IM Dolgin (ed.), Ser. 41, Balkema, Rotterdam.

Budd, WF, 1991, 'Antarctica and global change', Climatic Change, 18: 271-299.

Budd, WF and I Simmonds, 1991, 'The impact of global warming on the Antarctic mass balance and global sea level', in Proceedings of the International Conference on Role of Polar Regions in Global Change, Univ. of Alaska, June 11-15, 1990, G Weller et al. (eds): 489-494.

Chapman, WL and JE Walsh, 1993, 'Recent variations of sea-ice and air temperature in high-latitudes', Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 74(1): 33-47.

Chown, SL and K Language, 1994, ' Recently established Diptera and Lepidoptera on sub-Antarctic Marion Island', African Entomology, 2(1): 57-60.

Chown, SL and VR Smith, 1993, 'Climate change and the short-term impacts of feral house-mice at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward and Marion Islands', Oecologia, 96: 508-516.

Crowley, TJ and GR North, 1991, Palaeoclimatology, Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 18, Oxford University Press, New York.

Cruwys, E and PB Davis, 1994, 'Southern elephant seal numbers during moult on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands', Polar Record, 30(175): 313-314.

Cunningham et al., 1994, 'The decline of Rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Campbell Island, Southern Ocean and the influence of rising sea temperatures', Emu 94.

Davidson, G, 1992, 'Icy prospects for a warmer world', New Scientist, 8 August: 23-26.

Denman, K, E Hofmann, H Marchant, 1996, 'Marine biotic responses to environmental change and feedbacks to climate', in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), Cambridge Uni Press, Cambridge: 483-516.

Di Prisco, G, 1993, 'Environmental adaptation in polar sea vertebrates', Role of remote areas in the study of the global changes: Seminar Proceedings, (in Italian with English summary), Rome: 111-115.

Dickinson, RE, G Meehl and WA Washington, 1987, 'Ice-albedo feedback in a CO2-doubling simulation', Clim. Change, 10: 241-248.

Dickinson, RE, V Meleshko, D Randall, E Sarachik, P Silva-Dias and A Slongo, 1996, 'Climate Processes', in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), Cambridge Uni Press, Cambridge: 193-227.

Doake, CSM, 1987, 'Antarctic ice and rocks', in Antarctic Science, DHW Walton (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 140-193.

Doake, CSM and DG Vaughan, 1991, 'Rapid disintegration of the Wordie Ice Shelf in response to atmospheric warming', Nature, 28 March, 350: 328-330.

Domack, EW, SE Ishman, AB Stein, CE McClennen and AJT Jull, 1995, 'Late Holocene advance of the Muller Ocean Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula: sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological evidence', Antarctic Science, 7(2): 159-170.

Drewry, DJ and EM Morris, 1993, 'Response of large ice sheets to climatic change', in Antarctica and Environment, DJ Drewry et al. (eds), Proceedings of Royal Society Discussion Meeting held on 20-21 May 1992, Royal Soc. of London, Clarendon Press, Oxford: 35-42.

Dudeney, JR, 1987, 'The Antarctic atmosphere', in Antarctic Science, DHW Walton (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 193-239.

England, MH, 1995, 'Using chlorofluorocarbons to assess ocean climate models', Geophysical Research Letters, 22: 3051-3054.

Everson, I, 1987, 'Life in a cold environment', in Antarctic Science, DHW Walton (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 71-140.

Fastook, JL and M Prentice, 1994, 'A finite-element model of Antarctica: sensitivity test for meteorological mass-balance relationship', J. Glaciology, 40(134): 167-175.

Ferrigno, JG, BK Lucchitta, KF Mullins, AL Allison, RJ Allen and WG Gould, 1993, 'Velocity measurements and changes in position of Thwaites Glacier/iceberg tongue from aerial photography', Ann. Glaciology, 17: 239-244.

Folland, CK, TR Carl, N Nicholls, BS Nyenzi, DE Parker and KY Vinnikov, 1992, 'Observed climate variability and change', in Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, JT Houghton, BA Callander and SK Varney (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 97-134.

Fowbert, JA and RI Lewis Smith, 1994, 'Rapid population increases in native vascular plants on the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula', Arctic and Alpine Research, 26(3): 290-296.

Fraser, WR, WZ Trivelpiece, DG Ainley and SG Trivelpiece, 1992, 'Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea-ice due to environmental warming?', Polar Biology, 11: 525-531.

Gammie, F, 1995, 'Breakaway iceberg due to warming', Nature, March, 374(6518): 108.

Gell, R, 1989, Antarctica: Future of a Frozen Wilderness, Houghton Muffin Australia.

Genthon, C, 1994, 'Antarctic climate modelling with general circulation models of the atmosphere', J. Gaffes. Res., 99(D6): 12953-12961.

Glasgow, L, 1993, 'Global warming suits the penguins', New Scientist, 24 July, 139:2.

Gloersen, P, 1995, 'Modulation of hemispheric sea-ice cover by ENSO events', Nature, 9 February, 373: 503-506.

Gloersen, P and WJ Campbell, 1991, 'Recent variations in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice covers', Nature, 352: 33-36.

Gornitz, V, 1993, 'Mean sea-level changes in the recent past', in Climate and Sea Level Change, RA Warrick, EM Barrow and TML Wigley (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 25-45.

Gornitz, V, 1995, 'Sea level rise: a review of recent past and near-future trends', Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20(1): 7-20.

Greenpeace International, 1995, Antarctic Warming - early signs of global climate change: A Brief Report prepared for the First Conference of Parties, Berlin 1995, Greenpeace International, April 1995, Netherlands.

Hay, WW, 1993, 'The role of polar deep water formation in global climate change', Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 21: 227-254.

Hempel, G (ed.), 1994, Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Henderson-Sellers, A and A Hansen, 1995, Climate Change Atlas: Greenhouse Simulations from the Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Houghton, JT, GJ Jenkins and JJ Ephraums (eds), 1990, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Houghton, JT (ed.), 1994, Global Warming: The Complete Briefing, Lion.

Houghton, JT, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), 1996, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Hunt, BG, HB Gordon and HL Davies, 1995, 'Impact of the greenhouse effect on sea-ice characteristics and snow accumulation in the polar regions', Int. J. Climatology, 15(1): 2-23.

Huybrechts, P, 1994, 'Formation and disintegration of the Antarctic Ice Sheet', Annals of Glaciology, 20: 336-340.

Jacka, TH and WF Budd, 1991, 'Detection of temperature and sea-ice extent changes in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean', Proceedings of the workshop: Role of Polar Regions in Global Climate Change, Univ. of Alaska, June 11-15 1990, G Weller et al. (eds): 63-70.

Jacka, TH, 1990, 'Antarctica and Southern Ocean sea-ice climate trends', Annals of Glaciology, 14: 127-130.

Jacobs, SS, 1992, 'Is the Antarctic ice sheet growing?', Nature, November 5, 360: 29-33.

Jacobs, SS and JC Comiso, 1993, 'A recent sea-ice retreat west of the Antarctic Peninsula', Gaffes. Res. Letters, 20(12): 1171-1174.

Jacobs, SS, RG Fairbanks and Y Horibe, 1985, 'Origin and evolution of water masses near the Antarctic continental margin from isotope ratios in seawater', in Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, SS Jacobs (ed.), Antarctic Res. Ser. 43: 59-85.

Jacobs, SS, HH Helmer, CWS Doake, A Jenkins and RM Frolich, 1992, 'Melting of ice shelves and the mass balance of Antarctica', J. Glaciology, 38(130): 375-387.

Jacobs, SS, H Heller and A Jenkins, 1996, 'Antarctic Ice Sheet melting in the Southeast Pacific', Gaffes. Res. Letters, 23(9): 957-960.

Jenkins, A, SS Jacobs and JR Keys, 1995, 'Is this little PIG in hot water?', Ant. J. of US, in press.

Jones, PD, 1995, 'Recent variations in mean temperature and the diurnal temperature range in the Antarctic', Gaffes. Res. Lett., 22: 1345-1348.

Keys, H, 1990, Antarctica. Climatic Change: Impacts on New Zealand, New Zealand Climate Change Programme, Wellington: 103-107.

King, JC, 1994, 'Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula', Int. J. Climatology, 14(4): 357-369.

Koshelkov, YuP, EN Kovshova and AI Voskresensky, 1992, Antarktika: doklady komissii, N30: 9-12 (in Russian with English summary).

Koshliakov MN, IM Belkin, VM Radikevich and YuA Romanov, 1994, 'Icebergs along 67oS in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic in February-March of 1992', Oceanology, 33(6): 720-726.

Kukla, G and J Gavin, 1981, 'Summer ice and carbon dioxide', Science, 214: 497-503.

Lambert, J, JR Petit, M Porchet, J Sanak and C Lorius, 1979, in Proceedings of Int. Conf. Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres and Climatology of the Earth, Nice 1978 (French with Engl. summary), Toulouse, 1979.

Lewis Smith, RI, 1990, 'Signy Island as a paradigm of Biological and environmental change in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems', in Antarctic Ecosystems - Ecological Change and Conservation, KR and G Hempel (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 32-50.

Limbert, DWS, 1984, 'West Antarctic temperatures, regional differences and the nominal length of the summer and winter season', in Environment of West Antarctica: Potential CO2-induced changes (Workshop Rep.), Madison, Wisconsin, 5-7 July, National Academy Press: 116-139.

Lindner, BL, CP McKay and GD Clow, 1994, 'Links between lake ice and climate variations', Sixth Conference on Climatic Variations, Nashville, Tennessee, Jan 23-28, 1994, Preprints; Am. Met. Soc., Boston, MA: 377-378.

Lindner, BL, CP McKay, GD Clow and RA Warton, 1992, 'Computational modelling on Antarctic lake ice: advances in ice technology', in Proceedings of the Third Conference of Ice Technology, WM Sackinger and P Wadhams (eds), 17-22.

Liu, H and KJ Miller, 1979, 'Fracture toughness of fresh water ice', J. Glaciol., 22: 135-143.

Lorius, C, NI Barkov, J Jouzel, YS Korotkevich, VM Kotlyakov and D Raynaud, 1988, 'Antarctic ice core: CO2 and climate change over the last climatic cycle', Eos, 69(26): 681-684.

Lorius, C, J Jouzel, C Ritz, L Hansen and H Le Treut, 1990, 'The ice core record: climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming', Nature, 347(6289): 139-145.

Lucchitta, BK, CE Smith, JA Bowell and KF Mullins, 1994, Velocities and mass balance of the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, derived from ERS-1 SAR images, Proceedings Second ERS-1 'Space at the Service of our Environment' Symposium, Hamburg, Germany, 11-14 October, 1993.

MacAyeal, DR, 1992, 'The basal stress distribution of ice in West Antarctica inferred by control methods', Gaffes. Res., 97(B1): 595-603.

Marchant, HJ, 1992, 'Possible impacts of climate change on the organisms of the Antarctic marine ecosystem', in Impacts of Climate Change: Antarctica. Proceedings of the workshop, Australia, Canberra: 26-33.

Marshall, S and RJ Oglesby, 1994, 'An improved snow hydrology from GCMs. Part I: snow cover fraction, albedo, grain size and age', Clim. Dyn. 10(1-2): 21-37.

Massom, RA, 1995, 'Satellite remote sensing of polar regions and ice: present status and future directions', Polar Record, 31(177): 99-114.

Matsumoto, GI, 1994, 'Geochemical monitoring of Antarctic lakes and their ecosystems', Proceedings of NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology, National Institute of Polar Research, Proceedings No.7: 158-172.

McIntyre, NF, 1985, 'A reassessment of the mass balance of the Lambert Glacier drainage basin, Antarctica', J. Glaciology, 31, 381-382.

McPhee, MG and DG Martinson, 1994, 'Turbulent mixing under drifting pack ice in the Weddell Sea', Science, 263(5144): 218-221.

Mercer, JH, 1968, Antarctic ice and Sangamon Sea level, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission of Snow and Ice, IAHS Publication No. 79: 217-225.

Mercer, JH, 1978, 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO2 greenhouse effect: A threat of disaster', Nature, 271(5643): 321-325.

Mitchell, JFB, S Manabe, T Tokioka and V Meleshko, 1990, 'Equilibrium Climate Change', in Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, JT Houghton et al. (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 131-172.

Morgan, VI, ID Goodwin, DM Etheridge and SW Wookey, 1991, 'Evidence from Antarctic ice cores for recent increases in snow accumulation', Nature, 7 November, 354: 58-60.

Morris, EM and DG Vaughan, 1994, 'Snow surface temperatures in West Antarctica', Antarctic Science, 6(4): 529-535.

Morris, EM and DG Vaughan (eds), 1992, Snow surface temperatures in West Antarctica: The contributions of Antarctic Peninsula ice to sea-level rise, Report for Commission of the European Communities Project EPOC-CT90-0015, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge: 17-24.

Mosley-Thompson, E, LG Thompson, J Dai, M Davis and PN Lin, 1993, 'Climate of the last 500 years: high resolution ice core records', Quat. Science Reviews, 12(6): 419-430.

Mosley-Thompson, E, RS Bradley and PD Jones (eds), 1992, 'Palaeoenvoronmental conditions in Antarctica since AD 1500: ice core evidence', in Climate since AD 1500, Routledge, London: 572-521.

Nicholls, N, et al. (eds), 1992, Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Projection and Implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Nicholls, N, GV Gruza, J Jouzel, TL Karl and LA Ogallo, 1996, 'Observed climate variability and change', in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), Cambridge Uni Press, Cambridge: 193-227.

Nicholls, N, K Makinson and AV Robinson, 1991, 'Ocean circulation beneath the Ronne ice shelf', Nature, 21 November, 354: 221-223.

Nichols, KW and JG Paren, 1995, 'Extending the Antarctic meteorological record using ice-sheet profiles', J. Climate, 6(1): 141-150.

Nicol, S, 1994, 'Antarctic krill - Changing Perceptions of its role in the Antarctic Ecosystem', in Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, G Hempel (ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin: 144-167.

Niiler, PP, 1992, 'The ocean circulation', in Climate System Modelling, KE Trenberth (ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 117-149.

Oerlemans, J, 1993, 'Possible changes in the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and their effects on sea-level', in Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Projections and Implications, RA Warrick, EM Barrow and TML Wigley (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 144-161.

Oescher, H, 1994, 'Polar ice sheets: a chronicle of climate and environment', in Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, G Hempel (ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 69-94.

Orheim, O, 1985, 'Iceberg discharge and the mass balance of Antarctic', in Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Sea Level: Effects of a CO2-induced Climatic Change, Meier et al. (eds), NAS Press, Washington DC: 210-215.

Paren JG, CSM Doake and DA Peel, 1993, 'The Antarctic Peninsula contribution to future sea level rise', in Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Projections and Implications, RA Warrick, EM Barrow and TML Wigley (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 162-169.

Parkinson, CL and RA Bindschadler, 1981, 'Response of Antarctic sea-ice to uniform atmospheric temperature increases', in Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Gaffes. Monograph 29: 254-264.

Paterson, WSB, 1993, 'World sea level and the present mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet', in Ice in the Climate System, W Peltier and W Richard (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 131-140.

Peixoto, JP and AH Oort, 1992, Physics of Climate, American Institute of Physics, NY.

Peel, DA, 1992, 'Climatic change and evidence from ice cores, a reply to E. Velacott', Weather, 47: 110-111.

Peel, JG, CSM Doake and DA Peel, 1993, 'The Antarctic Peninsula contribution to future sea level rise', in Climate and Sea-Level Change, RA Warrick, EM Barrow and TML Wigley (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 162-168.

Peltier, WR and AM Tushingham, 1989, 'Global sea-level rise and the greenhouse effect: might they be connected?', Science, 244: 806-810.

Petrov, LS and AN Lubarsky, 1986, 'Long-term variability of temperature, pressure and ice conditions in the South Orkney Islands', in Climate of Antarctica, Papers presented at the All-Union Symposium of the Study of the Climate in Antarctica, New Delhi, ed IN Dolgin, Oxonian Press: 59-65.

Pollard, D and S Thompson, 1994, 'Sea-ice dynamics and CO2 sensitivity in a global climate model', Atmosphere-Ocean, 32(2): 449-467.

Priddle, J, I Hawes and JC Ellis-Evans, 1986, 'Antarctic aquatic ecosystems as habitats for phytoplankton', Biological Reviews 61: 199-238.

Raper, SCB, TML Wigley, PD Jones, PM Kelly, PR Mayes and DWS Limbert, 1983, 'Recent temperature changes in the Arctic and Antarctic', Nature, 306(5942): 458-459.

Raper, SCB, TML Wigley, PD Jones and MJ Salinger, 1984, 'Variation in surface air temperatures, Part 3: The Antarctic, 1959-1982', Mon. Wea. Rev., 112: 1341-1353.

Raper, SCB, TML Wigley and RA Warrick, 1996, 'Global sea-level rise: past and future', in Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence: Causes, Consequence and Strategies, JD Milliman and BU Huq (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 11-46.

Redfern, M, 1993, 'Global warming cuts no ice', New Scientist, 25 September: 16.

Reeh, N, 1994, 'Calving from Greenland glaciers: observations, balance estimates of calving rates, calving laws', Workshop on the calving rate of West Greenland glaciers in response to climate change, Danish Polar Centre, Copenhagen.

Reuter, 1994, 18 September, Greening of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Reynolds, 1981, 'The distribution of mean annual temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula', British Antarctic Survey Bull., 54: 123-33.

Rind, D, R Healy, C Parkinson and D Martinson, 1995, 'Role of sea-ice in 2xCO2 climate model sensitivity. Part I: The total influence of sea-ice thickness and extent', J. Climate, 8(3): 449-463.

Rott, H, P Skvarca and T Nagler, 1996, 'Rapid collapse of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica', Science, 271: 788-792.

Sansom, J, 1984, 'The temperature record of Scott Base, Antarctica', New Zealand Journal of Science, 27(1): 21-31.

Sarmiento, JL and C Le Quere, 1996, 'Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Uptake in a Model of Century-Scale Global Warming', Science, 274: 1346-1350.

Santer, BD, TML Wigley, TP Barnett, E Anyamba, 1996, 'Detection of climate change and attribution of causes', in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 407-443.

Schimel, D, et al., 1996, 'Radiative forcing of climate change', in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change - Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, BA Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 65-131.

Schneider, SH, 1992, 'Will sea-level rise or fall?', Nature, 5 March, 356: 11-12.

Schimel, D, et al., 1995, 'CO2 and the carbon cycle', in Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, JT Houghton, et al. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Scott, JJ, 1993, 'Changes in vegetation on Heard Island 1947-1987', in Antarctic Ecosystems - Ecological Change and Conservation, KR Kerry and G Hempel (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 61-76.

Simmonds, I, 1990, 'Improvements in general circulation model performance in simulating Antarctic climate', Antarct. Sci., 2(4): 287-300.

Simmonds, I and TH Jacka, 1995, 'Relationship between the interannual variability of antarctic sea-ice and the Southern Oscillations', J. Climate, 8(3): 637-674.

Smith, RIL, 1990, 'Signy Island as a paradigm of biological and environmental change in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems', in Antarctic Ecosystems - Ecological Change and Conservation, KR and G Hempel (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 32-50.

Splettstoesser, JF, 1992, 'Antarctic global warming?', Nature, 355(6360): 503.

Stark, P, 1994, 'Climatic warming in the central Antarctic Peninsula', Weather, 49(6): 215-220.

Sugden, D, 1992, 'Antarctic ice sheets at risk?', Nature, 29 October, 359: 775-776.

Taylor, RH and PR Wilson, 1990, 'Recent increase and southern expansion of Adelie Penguin populations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, related to climatic warming', New Zealand J. of Ecology, 14: 25-29.

Thompson et al., 1993, 'Climate since AD 1510 on Dyer Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence for recent climate change', Annals of Glaciology, 20: 420-426.

Treguer, P, 1994, 'The Southern Ocean: Biogeochemical cycles and Climate change', in Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, G Hempel (ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin: 110-126.

Trenberth, KE (ed.), 1992, Climate System Modelling, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

Vaughan, DG, 1993, 'Chasing the rogue iceberg', New Scientist, 9 January: 24-27.

Vaughan, DG and CSM Doake, 1996, 'Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula', Nature, January 25, 379: 328-330.

Wadhams, P, 1994, 'Remote sensing of snow and ice and its relevance to climate change processes', NATO Advanced Study Institute on remote sensing and global climate change, Global Environmental Change, 24: 303-339.

Wadhams, P, 1994, 'The Antarctic sea-ice cover', in Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, G Hempel (ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 45-60.

Walton, DHW (ed.), 1987, Antarctic Science, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Warrick, RA, EM Barrow and TML Wigley (eds), 1993, Climate and sea-level change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Weatherly, JM, et al., 1991, 'Antarctic sea-ice variations and seasonal air temperatures', J. Gaffes. Res., 96(C9): 15119-15130.

Weller, G, CL Wilson and BAB Severin (eds), 1991, International Conference on the Role of Polar Regions in Global Change: Proceedings of a conference held June 11-15, 1990 at the University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute/Centre for Global Change and Arctic System Research, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Wendler, G and R Meitner, 1993, 'Satellite-derived ongoing long-wave radiation, surface temperature and sea-ice concentration off the coast of Adelie-land, Eastern Antarctica', Meteorology and Atm. Physics, 51: 219-226.

Wharton, RA, JR McKay, P Christopher, GD Clow and DT Andersen, 1993, 'Perennial ice covers and their influence on Antarctic lake ecosystem', Antarctic Research Series, 59: 53-70.

White, WB and RG Peterson, 1996, 'An Antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature and sea-ice extent', Nature, 25 April, 380: 699-702.

Wiencke, C, 1994, 'Temperature requirements and biogeography of Antarctic, Arctic and amphiequatorial seaweeds', Botanica Marina, 37(3): 247-259.

Wigley, TML, GI Pearman and PM Kelly, 1992, 'Indices and indicators of climate change: Issues of Detection, Validation and Climate Sensitivity', in Confronting Climate Change: Risks, Implications and Responses, IM Mintzer (ed.), Stockholm Environment Institute, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 85-96.

WMO, 1988, World Climate Program - Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change, WMO/TD No. 225.

Young, EC, 1991,'Critical ecosystems and nature conservation in Antarctica', in Antarctica and Global Climatic Change, Belhazen Press and Scott Polar Research Institute, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton: 117-146.

Zale, R, 1994, 'Changes in size of the Hope Bay Adelie penguin rookery as inferred from Lake Boeckella sediment', Ecography, 17(4): 297-304.

Zwally, HJ, JC Comico, CL Parkinson, WJ Campbell, FD Carsey and P Gloersen, 1983, Antarctic sea-ice 1973-1976: Satellite passive microwave observations, NASA, Washington, DC, Rep. SP-459.

Zwally, HJ, 1994, 'Detection of change in Antarctica', in Antarctic Science - Global Concerns, G Hempel (ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 126-143