The failure of government scientists and politicians to address the ecological and economic consequences facing shallow water fisheries is well-documented throughout the world, not least in the waters which fall under the Common Fisheries Policy. The lack of authority from fisheries managers has led fishermen to shift the consequences of exploiting fish in shallow waters into deeper waters.

A plethora of evidence, which dates back as far as the 1860s, concludes that the deep ocean is an environment that is extremely vulnerable to exploitation and which requires a higher degree of protection than shallow waters. The impacts from fishing on these deep-sea populations may effectively be irreversible.

Fishermen’s leaders are actively encouraging their members to build up fishing effort on commercial species of ancient deepwater fish in order to gain a track record in case some form of regulation is introduced. The UK Government would appear to be turning a blind eye to the development of these fisheries in the hope that “our boys” will get a good deal out of any quota deal that might be introduced by the European Commission. Hence, the deepwater fishing vessels operating in the Atlantic Frontier are pursuing their own “gold rush” policy. This illustrates the madness behind the management of any deepwater fishery and the political failure of fisheries managers to address the problems facing other heavily depleted fisheries in European waters. Any existing Community conservation policies aimed at protecting the marine environment appear to have been thrown out the window in the case of deepsea fisheries off the west of the British Isles.

The European Commission and the UK Government have a duty to take conservation measures, even when the data is far from complete. In the case of deep-sea fisheries the data will obviously be incomplete, and therefore probably contentious, for a long period to come. Conservation measures are required NOW. Both the Commission and the UK Government must take responsibility for protecting these deepwater species. In the face of scientific uncertainty, the answer is not to fail to take these measures, the answer is to decide to avoid the risk.

This report highlights a classic case where waiting for definitive “scientific” proof of irreversible damage is not good enough and that there is too much at risk in waiting for such proof. There are very clear signals that if nothing is done to regulate these fisheries, there may be little left to regulate. The deepwater fisheries in the Atlantic Frontier have no reliable estimates of biomass for each species being fished and therefore should be prohibited. In practical terms that would mean closing all ‘non-quota’ deep-water fisheries to the west of the British Isles. A reevaluation of fishing ‘quota’ deep-sea species which takes place in these waters also needs to be given due consideration based on the vulnerability of some of these deepwater species.

With regard to implementing these closures, the European Commission is in clear dereliction of its duty to adopt strict conservation measures to these deepwater fisheries. Greenpeace advocates that the UK Government should urgently take unilateral measures with the specific aim of protecting these vulnerable species, rather than allow them to be exploited. Where some of the deepwater ‘straddling stocks’ are being fished on the high seas, outside the area covered by the Common Fisheries Policy, the UK Government should advocate similar strict conservation measures with adjacent countries through appropriate conventions.

Abyssal	The deep sea, variously defined as starting at 2,000 to 4,000 metres depths, a region of low temperature, high pressure and absence of sunlight.
ACFM	Advisory Committee on Fisheries Management, a committee of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES).
Bathypelagic	The dark, deepsea (1,000-4,000 metres) water column below the euphotic (well- lighted) or mesopelagic zones (poorly lighted).
Benthopelagic	Swimming organisms that are associated with or lives close to the sea bed. They and generally feed on animals or other material on the seabed.
Biomass	Sum of weights of all fish of that stock in the sea
Biota	The animal and plant life of a region
Bycatch	Any organism that is caught in addition to the target fish or species
Continental Shelf	The sea (bottom) from above 200m depth. The edges of continental landmasses, now covered with seawater, generally the most productive part of the sea
Continental Slope	The sea (bottom) off the continental shelf where depth increases rapidly with distance towards open ocean (below 200m depth zone)
Ecology	The scientific study of the interactions of living things and their environment
Ecosystem	A system involving the interactions between a community and its non-living environment
Fecundity	The number of young produced
Foodfall	Food derived from surface marine life which trickles down the levels to deep water
Genetic Diversity	The diversity of genes within and among populations of a species; the lowest level of biological diversity
ICES	International Council for the Exploration of the Seas
Juvenile Fish	Immature fish not part of parental spawning stock
MSY	Maximum Sustainable Yield
Non-target	Any organism that is caught in addition to the target fish or species
Oceanography	The study of the oceans
Precautionary Principle	A proactive method of dealing with the environment that places the burden of proof on those whose activities could harm the environment; the opposite of wait-and-see principle
Quota	Proportional of National allocation of TAC
Straddling Stocks	Stocks that extend into international waters. A population of organisms that travel between the exclusive economic zones of two or more countries or (by some definitions) between them and the high seas
TAC	Total Allowable Catch. A component of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) designed to achieve a specific fishing mortality rate. TACs are set each year by estimating the number of fish available in each age group, based on scientific data (‘analytical TAC’, for 39 species under the CFP), or estimated (‘precautionary TAC’, for 64 species) from historical catch data

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